Results
--
Incident Heat Flux
kW/m²
--
Safe Distance (< critical)
m
--
Distance for Pain (2.5 kW/m²)
m
Note: The point source model is valid for distances greater than ~2 flame diameters. Typical radiative fractions: 0.15-0.25 for luminous flames, 0.3-0.4 for sooty flames. Pain threshold is ~2.5 kW/m² for prolonged exposure (SFPE Handbook).
Reference
Point Source Model (SFPE Handbook Ch. 73):
q''(incident) = chi_r * Q / (4 * pi * R²)
R_safe = sqrt(chi_r * Q / (4 * pi * q''_critical))
Where chi_r = radiative fraction (0.15-0.40), Q = HRR, R = distance